IVF & ICSI
IVF (in-vitro fertilisation) and ICSI (intracytoplasmic sperm injection) are lab-based techniques that bring egg and sperm together outside the body, used when natural conception or simpler treatments haven't worked.
In IVF, eggs are retrieved from the ovaries and fertilised with sperm in the laboratory; ICSI adds a step where a single sperm is injected directly into an egg, often used for male-factor infertility or after earlier fertilisation difficulties.
Both are considered when less invasive options — including IUI — haven't led to pregnancy, or when factors such as blocked fallopian tubes, low ovarian reserve, or significant male-factor infertility make IVF the appropriate starting point. Protocols are adapted for individual response, including for a poor ovarian response to stimulation.